{"id":658,"date":"2014-04-15T14:00:51","date_gmt":"2014-04-15T12:00:51","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/?p=658"},"modified":"2025-10-24T09:11:56","modified_gmt":"2025-10-24T09:11:56","slug":"stripky-stredoveku-07-alexandr-nevsky-a-bitvy-s-nemeckym-radem","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/?p=658","title":{"rendered":"St\u0159\u00edpky st\u0159edov\u011bku – 07: Alexandr N\u011bvsk\u00fd a bitvy s n\u011bmeck\u00fdm \u0159\u00e1dem"},"content":{"rendered":"

Alexandr N\u011bvsk\u00fd je jist\u011b vekou postavou rusk\u00fdch d\u011bjin. O jeho oblib\u011b sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i skute\u010dnost, \u017ee v roce 2008 zv\u00edt\u011bzil v anket\u011b o nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho Rusa. Anketu i mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny Alexandrova v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v\u0161ak ponechejme stranou, nebo\u0165 jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011btem zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed pro sociology a psychology. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na jeho vztahy s ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdmi \u0159\u00e1dy s\u00eddl\u00edc\u00edmi v pobalt\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\"Alexandr

Alexandr N\u011bvsk\u00fd jako sv\u011btec na rusk\u00e9 ikon\u011b<\/p><\/div>\n

Alexandr byl druh\u00fdm ze \u010dty\u0159 syn\u016f Jaroslavov\u00fdch a narodil se z\u0159ejm\u011b 30. kv\u011btna 1220. Tak tedy mluv\u00ed tradice, je v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e9 \u017ee k tomu do\u0161lo i pozd\u011bji<\/a>1<\/sup><\/sup>. V l\u00e9t\u011b roku 1236 se Jaroslav Vsevolodovi\u010d stal velik\u00fdm kn\u00ed\u017eetem kyjevsk\u00fdm a Alexandra ustanovil kn\u00ed\u017eetem ve Velk\u00e9m Novgorodu. Tam tehdy vl\u00e1dla tzv. v\u011b\u010de, seskupen\u00ed svobodn\u00fdch bojar\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b nutnosti (v\u00e1lky, d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch zahrani\u010dn\u00edch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed) volili sob\u011b kn\u00ed\u017eete.<\/p>\n

Ji\u017e v roce 1236 p\u0159ijelo do Novgorodu poselstvo \u0158\u00e1du me\u010dov\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017eilo z\u00edskat nov\u00e9ho kn\u00ed\u017eete pro boj proti Litevc\u016fm. Me\u010dov\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159i p\u016fsobili v Rize a pobalt\u00ed a m\u011bli za \u00fakol christianizovat pohansk\u00e9 oblasti Livonska. Ryt\u00ed\u0159i tedy z\u00edskali podporu pouze od Pskovan\u016f. I tak ale jejich ta\u017een\u00ed dopadlo katastrof\u00e1ln\u011b por\u00e1\u017ekou u \u0159eky Saule. To vedlo Me\u010dov\u00e9 ryt\u00ed\u0159e ke slou\u010den\u00ed s \u0158\u00e1dem n\u011bmeck\u00fdch ryt\u00ed\u0159\u016f.<\/p>\n

Po spojen\u00ed \u0159\u00e1d\u016f se N\u011bme\u010dn\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159i vypravili znovu na Novgorod v roce 1240. Ryt\u00ed\u0159i dobyli pohrani\u010dn\u00ed ruskou pevnost Izborsk, jeho\u017e pos\u00e1dku do jednoho vybili. Pskovan\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed pova\u017eovali \u0159\u00e1d za spojence byli pobou\u0159eni a proti obsazen\u00e9mu Izborsku vyt\u00e1hli. Jejich kampa\u0148 v\u0161ak skon\u010dila ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b ve chv\u00edli, kdy byli ryt\u00ed\u0159i p\u0159emo\u017eeni pod hradbami Izborsku. Kr\u00e1tce na to se \u0159\u00e1d zmocnil i Pskova, kde ustanovil sv\u00e9 m\u00edstodr\u017e\u00edc\u00ed a se zbytkem vojska odt\u00e1hl.<\/p>\n

Alexandr m\u011bl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b v novgorodskou v\u011b\u010d\u00ed rozpory a m\u011bsto i opustil. \u0158\u00e1dov\u00ed ryt\u00ed\u0159i, kte\u0159\u00ed se p\u0159ibl\u00ed\u017eili Novgorodu, v\u0161ak donutili m\u011bsto jednat, a tak se Alexandr vrac\u00ed do Novgorodu v roce 1241. Za\u010dal opev\u0148ovat m\u011bsto a sb\u00edrat hotovost z cel\u00e9 novgorodsk\u00e9 zem\u011b. Napadl nejprve k\u0159i\u017e\u00e1ckou pevnost Koporje, kterou nechal rozbo\u0159it a pokra\u010doval d\u00e1l na Pskov. Nyn\u00ed ji\u017e m\u011bl i podporu vojska, kter\u00e9 mu poslal jeho otec pod veden\u00edm sv\u00e9ho dal\u0161\u00edho syna Andreje. Pskova se zmocnil a N\u011bmce v n\u011bm zajal. Vypravil se d\u00e1l vst\u0159\u00edc \u0159\u00e1dov\u00e9mu vojsku, se kter\u00fdm se st\u0159etl za\u010d\u00e1tkem dubna 1242 na \u010cudsk\u00e9m jeze\u0159e. D\u00edky sv\u00fdm taktick\u00fdm a strategick\u00fdm schopnostem se mlad\u00e9mu kn\u00ed\u017eeti poda\u0159ilo zv\u00edt\u011bzit a zajmout v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 \u010dleny \u0159\u00e1du, kter\u00e9 dal odv\u00e1d\u011bt do Novgorodu.<\/p>\n

Boje s \u0159\u00e1dem nebyli jedin\u00fdm v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdm konfliktem, kter\u00fd Alexandr sv\u00e1d\u011bl, krom nich je\u0161t\u011b v\u00e1l\u010dil proti \u0160v\u00e9d\u016fm. Ti proti Novgorodu vedli n\u011bkolik ta\u017een\u00ed, aby ochra\u0148ovali sv\u00e9 obchodn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy v Baltsk\u00e9m mo\u0159i.<\/a>2<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n

Kn\u00ed\u017ee Alexandr Jaroslavi\u010d se dnes t\u011b\u0161\u00ed velk\u00e9 oblib\u011b, ale je i st\u0159edem mnoh\u00fdch spor\u016f. Vedle jeho v\u00fdborn\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dnick\u00fdch a vojev\u016fdcovsk\u00fdch schopnosti stoj\u00ed fakt, \u017ee se poddal mongolsk\u00fdch ch\u00e1n\u016fm, p\u0159ij\u00edmal od nich jarlig a platil jim dan\u011b. Kr\u00e1tce po Alexandrov\u011b smrti p\u0159ik\u00e1zal metropolita Kirill sepsat hagiografick\u00fd spis \u017ditije Aleksandra N\u011bvskogo, <\/em>kter\u00fd polo\u017eil z\u00e1klad pro uct\u00edv\u00e1n\u00ed Alexandra a, jak p\u00ed\u0161e Dana Pickov\u00e1, p\u0159ivedl Alexandra N\u011bvsk\u00e9ho do jeho druh\u00e9ho \u017eivota.<\/p>\n

\n

<\/a>1 Pickov\u00e1, Dana. Alexandr N\u011bvsk\u00fd – hled\u00e1n\u00ed reality. <\/span>I. \u010d\u00e1st \u2013 Neporaziteln\u00fd vojev\u016fdce.<\/span><\/span> Historick\u00fd Obzor 11\/12, 21, 2010, <\/span>str.: 154.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

<\/a>2 \u0160vankmajer, Milan a kol.: D\u011bjiny Ruska. Praha 2002<\/span>. Str.: 27<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alexandr N\u011bvsk\u00fd je jist\u011b vekou postavou rusk\u00fdch d\u011bjin. O jeho oblib\u011b sv\u011bd\u010d\u00ed i skute\u010dnost, \u017ee v roce 2008 zv\u00edt\u011bzil v anket\u011b o nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho Rusa. Anketu i mo\u017en\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ed\u010diny Alexandrova v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed v\u0161ak ponechejme stranou, nebo\u0165 jsou p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm p\u0159edm\u011btem zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed pro sociology a psychology. V tomto \u010dl\u00e1nku se zam\u011b\u0159\u00edme na jeho vztahy s ryt\u00ed\u0159sk\u00fdmi \u0159\u00e1dy s\u00eddl\u00edc\u00edmi v   Pokra\u010dovat …<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":903,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[4,6],"tags":[11,19,36,51,52,66],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/658"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=658"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/658\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1289,"href":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/658\/revisions\/1289"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/903"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=658"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=658"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=658"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}