\u010cast\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka na historika: Co je to st\u0159edov\u011bk? L\u00e9pe se d\u00e1 polo\u017eit ot\u00e1zka, od kdy m\u016f\u017eeme mluvit o st\u0159edov\u011bku, st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, um\u011bn\u00ed, hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed… \u010dast\u00e1, av\u0161ak ne tak jednoduch\u00e1, jak se zd\u00e1. Pokud se neztoto\u017en\u00edme s definic\u00ed Jana Wericha, \u017ee \u201eSt\u0159edov\u011bk si vymysleli lid\u00e9 \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0novov\u011bku, aby si odreagovali sv\u016fj minderwertigkeit komplex. Aby jaksi … se jim dostalo … poct a\u00a0uzn\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 t\u0159eba … by se jim dostalo a\u017e po smrti a\u00a0oni necht\u011bj \u010dekat, nu\u017ee teda zesm\u011b\u0161\u0148uj\u00ed zp\u016fsob my\u0161len\u00ed a\u00a0pr\u00e1ce sv\u00fdch prapraotc\u016f a\u00a0prad\u011bd\u016f a\u00a0naz\u00fdvaj\u00ed to st\u0159edov\u011bkem\u201c, a pokud za\u010dneme uva\u017eovat o nej\u010dast\u011bji definovan\u00fdch hranic\u00edch pro tuto d\u011bjinnou epochu, jak\u00e9 zn\u00e1me ze st\u0159edn\u00edch a z\u00e1kladn\u00edch \u0161kol, zjist\u00edme, \u017ee odpov\u011b\u010f nen\u00ed tak jednoduch\u00e1, jak jsme si mohli myslet.<\/p>\n
Pokud za\u010dneme p\u00e1trat po p\u016fvodu tohoto term\u00ednu, zjist\u00edme, \u017ee Jan Werich skute\u010dn\u011b nebyl tak daleko od pravdy. Pojem st\u0159edov\u011bk toti\u017e vznik\u00e1 b\u011bhem obdob\u00ed takzvan\u00e9 renesance, a to jako ozna\u010den\u00ed obdob\u00ed le\u017e\u00edc\u00ed mezi antickou tradic\u00ed a \u201enovov\u011bkem\u201c, tedy dobou v n\u00ed\u017e tito myslitel\u00e9 a historikov\u00e9 \u017eili. V tomto ozna\u010den\u00ed se tedy zrcadl\u00ed p\u0159edstava, \u017ee antiku a novov\u011bk odd\u011bluje jak\u00e9si temn\u00e9 obdob\u00ed (st\u0159edov\u011bk). Antika je toti\u017e vn\u00edm\u00e1na ve v\u0161\u00edm sv\u00e9m lesku jako \u010das rozvoje kultury, vzd\u011blanosti a lidsk\u00e9ho ducha. Stejn\u011b tak m\u00e1 novov\u011bk b\u00fdt vn\u00edm\u00e1n jako obnoven\u00ed a renesance t\u011bchto hodnot.<\/p>\n
Kdy ale m\u016f\u017eeme mluvit o st\u0159edov\u011bku? Renesan\u010dn\u00ed u\u010denci m\u011bli jasno. Na po\u010d\u00e1tku stoj\u00ed p\u00e1d \u0158\u00edma (z\u00e1nik antick\u00e9 tradice) na konci potom ono proz\u0159en\u00ed, tedy hranice ne tolik jasn\u00e1. Onen p\u00e1d \u0158\u00edma je bod, kter\u00fd pronikl do vymezen\u00ed st\u0159edov\u011bku i na st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161koly. Nicm\u00e9n\u011b ne tolik p\u0159esn\u00e9. Uv\u011bdomme si, \u017ee mnoh\u00e9 principy nap\u0159\u00edklad st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed nach\u00e1z\u00edme ji\u017e od druh\u00e9ho stolet\u00ed v \u0158\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i. Jedn\u00e1 se o po\u010d\u00e1tky p\u0159ipout\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed zem\u011bd\u011blc\u016f k p\u016fd\u011b, kter\u00e9 zn\u00e1me pozd\u011bji jako nevolnictv\u00ed. Stejn\u011b tak i v oblastech mimo samotn\u00e9 m\u011bsto \u0158\u00edm je\u0161t\u011b dlouho p\u0159e\u017e\u00edv\u00e1 antick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed a tradice. A to nemluv\u00edme o v\u00fdchodo\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161i, kter\u00e1 nese tuto tradici (i kdy\u017e adaptovanou a upravenou) a\u017e de facto do roku 1453.<\/p>\n
Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b, co se konce st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 \u00e9ry t\u00fd\u010de, obl\u00edben\u00fdm miln\u00edkem b\u00fdv\u00e1 objeven\u00ed americk\u00e9ho kontinentu. Jak ale tento objev ovlivnil d\u011bn\u00ed v Evrop\u011b na tolik, abychom ho mohli pova\u017eovat za hranici? Kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed z\u016fst\u00e1vaj\u00ed na sv\u00fdch m\u00edstech, kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 na sv\u00fdch tr\u016fnech, roln\u00edci na sv\u00fdch pol\u00edch… toto datum nereflektuje \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd aspekt \u017eivota obyvatel Evropy. Daleko sn\u00e1ze m\u016f\u017eeme pova\u017eovat za konec st\u0159edov\u011bku t\u0159eba p\u00e1d Konstantinopole. V kv\u011btnu 1453 padl Ca\u0159ihrad a s n\u00edm i V\u00fdchodo\u0159\u00edmsk\u00e1 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e (v\u0161imn\u011bte si, kde jsme ji\u017e tuto ud\u00e1lost v na\u0161\u00ed \u00favaze zmi\u0148ovali) do rukou osmansk\u00fdch Turk\u016f. T\u00edm jednak zanik\u00e1 velk\u00fd politick\u00fd hr\u00e1\u010d na map\u011b st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 Evropy a nastupuje nov\u00fd \u2013 Turecko. Toto u\u017e se d\u00e1 pova\u017eovat za jist\u00fd miln\u00edk. Jin\u00fd bychom mohli hledat o t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 200 let pozd\u011bji v roce 1648, kdy kon\u010d\u00ed t\u0159icetilet\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. \u010c\u00edm je tak d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e1? St\u0159edov\u011bk je n\u00e1bo\u017eenstv\u00edm siln\u011b prostoupen\u00e9 obdob\u00ed a t\u0159icetilet\u00e1 v\u00e1lka je posledn\u00ed vojensk\u00e9 st\u0159etnut\u00ed s n\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fdm motivem. T\u00edm p\u00e1dem kon\u010d\u00ed obdob\u00ed v\u00e1lek veden\u00fdch kv\u016fli v\u00ed\u0159e. Ani jeden z t\u011bchto bod\u016f na pomysln\u00e9 \u010dasov\u00e9 ose v\u0161ak nen\u00ed jasnou a tlustou \u010darou, kter\u00e1 by se v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch projevila na v\u0161ech \u00farovn\u00edch spole\u010dnosti. V\u017edy\u0165 op\u011bt kr\u00e1lov\u00e9 kraluj\u00ed a nevoln\u00edci jsou p\u0159ipout\u00e1ni k p\u016fd\u011b svou vrchnost\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Takov\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edklad\u016f bychom mohli vyjmenovat je\u0161t\u011b mnoho a to nebereme v potaz hledisko geografick\u00e9. Jedin\u00fdm kloudn\u00fdm z\u00e1v\u011brem m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt, \u017ee historie nem\u00e1 r\u00e1da tlust\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1ry, co se obdob\u00ed t\u00fd\u010de. Douf\u00e1m, \u017ee nikdo nebude frustrov\u00e1n t\u00edm, \u017ee jsme nedo\u0161li k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e9mu z\u00e1v\u011bru a v\u00fdsledku, to ani nebyl \u00fa\u010del na\u0161eho zamy\u0161len\u00ed.\u00a0St\u0159edov\u011bk mus\u00edme tedy vn\u00edmat jako pouh\u00e9 ozna\u010den\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00fdch princip\u016f, kter\u00e9 se uplat\u0148ovaly v dan\u00e9 dob\u011b, m\u011bnily se, vznikaly a zanikaly, nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 je\u0161t\u011b n\u011bkter\u00e9 trvaj\u00ed.<\/p>\n
Zde m\u016f\u017eete vid\u011bt video, ve kter\u00e9m se moudr\u00fd klaun v\u011bnuje ot\u00e1zce st\u0159edov\u011bku [Video]<\/a>\u00a0(pokud jste netrp\u011bliv\u00ed p\u0159esko\u010dte na p\u00e1tou minutu)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u010cast\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka na historika: Co je to st\u0159edov\u011bk? L\u00e9pe se d\u00e1 polo\u017eit ot\u00e1zka, od kdy m\u016f\u017eeme mluvit o st\u0159edov\u011bku, st\u0159edov\u011bk\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti, um\u011bn\u00ed, hospod\u00e1\u0159stv\u00ed… \u010dast\u00e1, av\u0161ak ne tak jednoduch\u00e1, jak se zd\u00e1. Pokud se neztoto\u017en\u00edme s definic\u00ed Jana Wericha, \u017ee \u201eSt\u0159edov\u011bk si vymysleli lid\u00e9 \u017eij\u00edc\u00ed v\u00a0novov\u011bku, aby si odreagovali sv\u016fj minderwertigkeit komplex. Aby jaksi … se Pokra\u010dovat …<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":903,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0},"categories":[4,6],"tags":[12,20,41,50,51,60,63,66],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/379"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=379"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/379\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":908,"href":"https:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/379\/revisions\/908"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/903"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=379"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=379"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/draciusvit.cz\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=379"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}